Abortion
premature, spontaneous or induced expulsion of the embryo or fetus from uterus.
Aneuploidy
having one extra or less chromosome relative to the parental chromosome number.
Autosome
any chromosome of a type that is the same in males and females of the species.
Crossing Over
An interaction in which non sister chromatids of a pair of homologous chromosomes break and exchanges segments.
Deletion
Loss of a segement from a chromosome. At molecular level, loss of one to a few base pairs from a DNA molecule.
Disease
Outcome of infection when defenses aren´t mobilized fast enough and a pathogen´s activities interfere with normal body functions.
Double-blind study
different investigators independently collect, then compare data.
Duplication
Gene sequence repeated several to many hundreds or thousands of times.
Genetic Abnormality
A rare or less common version of a heritable trait.
Genetic Disorder
Any Inherited condition that causes mild to severe medical problems.
Genetic Recombination
Result of any process that puts new genetic information into a DNA molecule.
Homologous Chromosome
One of a pair of Chromosomes indentical in size, shape and gene sequenc, and that interact at meiosis.
In-Vitro Fertilization
Conception outside the body.
Independent Assortment
Mendelian Theory, each pair of homologous chromosomes are sorted before shipment to gametes independently of how the other pairs were sorted.
Inversion
Part of a chromosome that became oriented in reverse, with no molecular loss.
Karyotype
Preparation of methaphase chromosomes sorted by length, centromere location, other defining features.
Linkage Group
all genes on a chromosome.
Mosaicism
Cells of same type express genes differrently, so phenotypic differences emerge in same type of tissue.
Non-Disjunction
Failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis or mitosis.
Polyploidy
Having three or more of each type of chromosome in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell at interphase.
Reciprocal Cross
A paired cross. In the first cross, one parent displays the trait of interest. In the second, the other parent displays it.
Sex Chromosome
A chromosome with genes that affects sexual traits (XX females. XY males)
Syndrome
A set of symptoms that may not individually be a telling clue but collectively characterize a genetic disorder or disease.
Translocation
movement of a stretch of DNA to a new chromosomal location with no molecular loss.
X chromosome
Type of sex xhromosome, that becomes female.
Y chromosome
Type of sex chromosome, that become male.
